很多人認為創新是愛因斯坦等單一天才的專利,
不過哈佛教授琳達希爾的研究,卻打破創新的迷思,
並援引皮克斯和Google的例子告訴大家,
當代的創新是集體智慧的成果。
想要一窺當代成功領導創新的秘訣,
千萬不能錯過這篇討論集體創造力的影片!
傳統課堂上提到的創新和領導教學時,已經不適用現在的環境。在此哈佛教授琳達希爾(Linda Hill)告訴你創新的迷思。
【TED】如何管理集體創造力 Linda Hill: How to manage for collective creativity
迷思1:創新是愛因斯坦靈光一現的時刻。(Einstein’s ‘Aha!’ moment)
實情是:
Innovation is not about solo genius, it’s about collective genius.
創新指的不是一個孤立的天才,它指的是集體才華。
琳達希爾以皮克斯的例子,解釋集體創新在該公司才是王道。
No solo genius, no flash of inspiration produces one of those movies. On the contrary, it takes about 250 people four to five years, to make one of those movies.
單一才華、片刻靈感皆無法完成任何一部動畫電影。相反地,大約250人花上四、五年才能完成一部動畫電影。
迷思2:創新過程是過程由一系列繁瑣的步驟構成每個步驟都被嚴謹地分組完成。(The process was a neat series of steps done by discrete groups.)
實情是:
The process was iterative, interrelated and, frankly, messy.
這個流程有多麼反覆、相互關聯,而且⋯說實話,很混亂。
迷思3:創新一開始就已經成熟。(Innovations get created full-blown.)
實情是:
Innovations are the result, usually, of trial and error: lots of false starts, missteps and mistakes.
創新本身其實是「結果」,是多次試錯之後的結果,往往是很多很多錯誤的開始、錯誤的步驟,還有大量的失誤。
迷思4:領導應該創造一個願景。(Leaders are supposed to create a vision.)
某位領導人的心聲卻透露了實情:
But if I’m trying to do something that’s truly new, I have no answers. I don’t know what direction we’re going in and I’m not even sure I know how to figure out how to get there.
但是如果領導是真的在嘗試新的東西,他想像不出來。我不知道我們的方向,而且我都不知道怎麼達到目標。
打破上述創新迷思後,那創新的本質又是什麼呢?
本質1:創新的核心是矛盾的。(At the heart of innovation is a paradox.)
You have to unleash the talents and passions of many people, and you have to harness them into a work that is actually useful.
你既要釋放大家的才能和激情,又要控制他們去做有效的事。
本質2:創新是場旅程。(Innovation is a journey.)
It’s a type of collaborative problem solving, usually among people who have different expertise and different points of view.
創新是一種協作式的解決方案,通常發生在成員各有所長、視角多元的團隊中。
本質3:創新需要多樣性(Innovation requires diversity.)
Innovation rarely happens unless you have both diversity and conflict.
如果不在團隊中保持多樣性和衝突,創新就很難發生。
本質4:創新機構的人要會捍衛自己的觀點。(Individuals in innovative organizations learn how to advocate for their view.)
Individuals in innovative organizations learn how to inquire, learn how to actively listen, but they also learn how to advocate for their point of view.
在創新機構裡的個人,要學會如何詢問,學會如何時刻聆聽,但是他們還要學習如何捍衛自己的觀點。
本質5:創新機構的人不向老闆低頭。(People in innovative organizations don’t let the boss dominate.)
People in the innovative organizations never go along to get along. They don’t compromise. They don’t let one group or one individual dominate, even if it’s the boss, even if it’s the expert.
創新機構的人們既不與人隔絕,也不好好相處,他們就是不妥協。他們不讓任何一個人或者團隊做主,即使是老闆也不行,即使是專家也不行。
本質6:領導力就是創造一個人們想存在的世界。(Leadership is about creating a world to which people want to belong.)
Leading innovation is about creating the space where people are willing and able to do the hard work of innovative problem solving.
領導創新,等於創造一個空間——讓大家願意,並且能夠努力工作,去創新解決問題。
再來,我們來看看創新機構具備的3項能力(capabilities)。
1. creative abrasion 創意摩擦
Creative abrasion is about being able to create a marketplace of ideas. In innovative organizations, they amplify differences, they don’t minimize them.
「創意摩擦」是通過辯論和討論,創造一個「創意」的交流平台。在創新機構裡,他們將差異放大,他們並不將差別減小。
2. creative agility 創造的靈活性
Creative abrasion is not about brainstorming, where people suspend their judgment. They know how to have very heated but constructive arguments to create a portfolio of alternatives.
創意摩擦不是腦力激盪。人們只把想法丟出來。他們知道如何進行激烈而有意義的爭論來創造出大量的不同構想。Creative agility is about being able to test and refine that portfolio of ideas through quick pursuit, reflection and adjustment.
「創造的靈活性」是指,能夠通過快速的追索、反應和調整,來檢驗和提煉那些創想。「創造的靈活性」是指,能夠通過快速的追索、反應和調整,來檢驗和提煉那些創想。
3. creative resolution 創造性的解決方案
This is about doing decision making in a way that you can actually combine even opposing ideas to reconfigure them in new combinations to produce a solution that is new and useful.
這是關於決策制定。你甚至要把截然相反的創想結合起來,重新塑造它們成為新的組合,從而產生出既新穎又有用的解決方案。
上面這三項能力是皮克斯持續成功的秘訣,而琳達希爾也提到了Google的工程組和基礎設施組的組長(head of the engineering group and the infrastructure group) Bill Coughran如何在Google推出Gmail和YouTube之際,帶領旗下團隊擴充自家數據儲存系統的成功經驗。想一窺究竟,千萬不能錯過琳達希爾的演講!
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