動態動詞到底是什麼?
今天就來跟你解釋這個文法
讓我們先來判斷這些句子是對的還是錯的呢?
- She has died for three years.
- She has been dead for three years.
讓我們來解開疑惑吧!
一、動詞大致可以這樣分類:
今天,我們主要關注動態動詞 (dynamic verbs):
- 延續性動詞 (狀態動詞):表示持續的動作或行為。
- 非延續性動詞 (瞬間動詞):表示動作發生後立即結束。
上述兩句解析:
”She has died for three years.”表示她這三年來一直在發生斷氣死亡這個行為,不合乎常理。可以改成”She has died.” (她已經死了) 或 “She has been dead for three years.” (死亡狀態已經持續了三年)
二、瞬間動詞小原則:
瞬間動詞可以搭配完成式( have+p.p ),只是不能跟「表示持續一段時間」的時間副詞 (例如:for, how long, since+片語、子句) 連用。因此,如果句子中想要連用表持續一段時間的時間副詞時,就必須將它變成狀態動詞。
※ 例外:瞬間動詞中,否定的完成式可以與「表示持續一段時間」的時間副詞連用。
例如:Mary hasn’t come to Taipei for 10 years. (瑪莉已有10年沒來台北了。)
三、 如何應用?透過例題培養更多語感!
例題一:你買這部車多久了?
錯誤用法:How long have you bought the car?
正確用法:How long have you had the car?
→”買”是個瞬間動詞,買車不可能一直進行”買”這個動作。
例題二:我可以借這本書一星期嗎?
錯誤用法:May I borrow the book for a week?
正確用法:May I keep the book for a week?
→借在某一個時間點就已經完成,所以要借一整個星期,用keep較為適合。
例題三:他已經感冒了一個禮拜。
錯誤用法:He has caught a cold for a week.
正確用法:He has had a cold for a week.
→感冒一個星期是一種狀態,”中”感冒是個瞬間動詞,而不是感冒過程一直中一直中一直中。
例題四:修正看看這些句子吧!
(1) I have married for 6 years. ( 我結婚六年啦。)
→I have been married for 6 years.
(2)He has come here for five days. (他來這裡五天了。)
→He has been here for five days. / He came here five days ago.
表格補充:(兩種動詞語意並不相同,要先確定自己想要表達什麼,再選擇使用哪一種動態動詞)
中文 | 瞬間動詞 | 狀態動詞 |
離開 | leave | be away |
回來 | return/come back | be back |
抵達 | arrive | be here |
沈睡 | fall asleep | be asleep |
醒來 | wake up | be awake |
殺死 | die/kill | be dead |
開始 | begin | be on |
完成/結束 | finish/complete/end | be done/be over |
使穿著 | get dressed | be dressed |
酒醉 | get drunk | be drunk |
受傷 | get hurt | be hurt |
戀愛 | fall in love | be in love |
聯絡 | get in touch with | be in touch with |
有興趣 | become interested in | be interested in |
走失 | get lost | be lost |
結婚 | marry/get married | be married |
開 | turn on | be on |
關 | turn off | be off |
請假 | go on leave | be on leave |
休假 | go on vacation/holiday | be on vacation/holiday |
拍賣 | go on sale | be on sale |
畢業 | graduate | be out of school |
失業/辭職 | lose/quit a job | be out of work |
習慣於 | get used to | be used to |
購買 | buy | have |
感冒 | catch a cold | have a cold |
舉辦聚會 | give a party | have a party |
找到工作 | find a job | have a job |
生小孩 | give birth to a baby | have a baby |
雖然有點複雜,但掌握幾個訣竅,相信你不會再寫錯了!
(1) 依照文義判斷動詞為狀態動詞或瞬間動詞。
(2) 若有”表達持續一段時間”的時間詞彙,請多加注意,將瞬間動詞轉換為狀態副詞。
作者:Sylvia Chu
Source: 世界公民文化中心 英語資訊交流網
Photo Source:Moritz Aust, CC Licensed
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